ktats****@users*****
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2014年 4月 17日 (木) 10:29:38 JST
Index: docs/articles/qntm.org/files/perl/perl.html diff -u docs/articles/qntm.org/files/perl/perl.html:1.18 docs/articles/qntm.org/files/perl/perl.html:1.19 --- docs/articles/qntm.org/files/perl/perl.html:1.18 Thu Apr 17 10:08:02 2014 +++ docs/articles/qntm.org/files/perl/perl.html Thu Apr 17 10:29:38 2014 @@ -38,8 +38,7 @@ <!-- http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Ubuntu+Mono:400,700|Roboto+Slab:400,700 --> - <script src="https://google-code-prettify.googlecode.com/svn/loader/run_prettify.js"></script> - <body onload="prettyPrint();return true;"> + <body> <h1 class="original">Learn Perl in about 2 hours 30 minutes</h1> <h1>2時間åŠã§å¦ã¶Perl</h1> <h2><a href="http://qntm.org/perl">By Sam Hughes</a>, translated by <a href="http://d.hatena.ne.jp/ktat/">Kato Atsusi</a></h2> @@ -91,11 +90,11 @@ <p>Perl<i>スクリプト</i>ã¯<code>.pl</code>ã¨ã„ã†æ‹¡å¼µåã®ãƒ†ã‚ストファイルã§ã™ã€‚</p> <p class="original">Here's the full text of <code>helloworld.pl</code>:</p> <p><code>helloworld.pl</code>ã¯ä»¥ä¸‹ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; -<a href="http://perldoc.jp/fund/print">print</a> "Hello world"; +<a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/print">print</a> "Hello world"; </pre> <p class="original">Perl scripts are interpreted by the Perl interpreter, <code>perl</code> or <code>perl.exe</code>:</p> <p>Perlスクリプトã¯Perlインタープリタã€<code>perl</code>ã‹<code>perl.exe</code>ã§è§£é‡ˆã•ã‚Œã¾ã™:</p> @@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ <li>ä»–ã®å¤‰æ•°ã¸ã®ãƒªãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ¬ãƒ³ã‚¹</li> </ul> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $undef = undef; print $undef; # prints the empty string "" and raises a warning @@ -145,12 +144,12 @@ print $undef2; # prints "" and raises exactly the same warning </pre> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $num = 4040.5; print $num; # "4040.5" </pre> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $string = "world"; print $string; # "world" </pre> @@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ <p class="original">String concatenation using the <code>.</code> operator (same as PHP):</p> <p>æ–‡å—列ã®é€£çµã«ã¯<code>.</code>演算åを使ã„ã¾ã™(PHPã¨åŒã˜):</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "Hello ".$string; # "Hello world" </pre> @@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ <p class="original"><strong>It is impossible to determine whether a scalar contains a "number" or a "string".</strong> More precisely, it should never be necessary to do this. Whether a scalar behaves like a number or a string depends on the operator with which it is used. When used as a string, a scalar will behave like a string. When used as a number, a scalar will behave like a number (raising a warning if this isn't possible):</p> <p><strong>スカラーã«"æ•°å—"ã‹"変数"ã®ã„ãšã‚Œã‹ãŒå…¥ã£ã¦ã„ã‚‹ã®ã‹ã‚’判æ–ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã¯ã§ãã¾ã›ã‚“。</strong> よりæ£ç¢ºã«ã¯ã€ãã‚“ãªã“ã¨ã¯è¦‹å½“é•ã„ã§ã™ã€‚Perlã¯ãã®ç‚¹ã§å¼±ã„型付ã‘ã§ã™ã€‚ スカラãŒæ•°å—ã‹æ–‡å—ã®ã©ã¡ã‚‰ã‹ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«æŒ¯èˆžã†ã‹ã¯ã€ä½¿ã‚れる演算åã«ã‚ˆã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚æ–‡å—列ã¨ã—ã¦ä½¿ãˆã°ã€ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã¯æ–‡å—列ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ãµã‚‹ã¾ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚æ•°å—ã¨ã—ã¦ä½¿ãˆã°ã€ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã¯æ•°å—ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ãµã‚‹ã¾ã„ã¾ã™(ã¾ãŸã€ãã†ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒå‡ºæ¥ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã€è¦å‘Šã‚’発ã—ã¾ã™):</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $str1 = "4G"; my $str2 = "4H"; @@ -206,7 +205,7 @@ # String operators: <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/perlop.html#Equality-Operators">lt, gt, le, ge, eq, ne, cmp</a>, <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/perlop.html#Multiplicative-Operators">.</a>, <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/perlop.html#Multiplicative-Operators">x</a> </pre> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> # æ•°å—用ã®æ¼”ç®—å: <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=, <=> # æ–‡å—用ã®æ¼”ç®—å: <a href="http://perldoc.jp/docs/perl/perlop.pod#Equality32Operators">lt, gt, le, ge, eq, ne, cmp</a>, <a href="http://perldoc.jp/docs/perl/perlop.pod#Multiplicative32Operators">.</a>, <a href="http://perldoc.jp/docs/perl/perlop.pod#Multiplicative32Operators">x</a> </pre> @@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ ); </pre> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @array = ( "print", "these", @@ -243,7 +242,7 @@ <p>é…列ã‹ã‚‰å€¤ã«ã‚¢ã‚¯ã‚»ã‚¹ã™ã‚‹ã¨ãã«ã¯ãƒ‰ãƒ«è¨˜å·ã‚’使ã‚ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã„ã‘ã¾ã›ã‚“。<em>å–られる</em>値ã¯é…列ã§ã¯ãªãã€ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã ã‹ã‚‰ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print $array[0]; # "print" print $array[1]; # "these" print $array[2]; # "strings" @@ -256,7 +255,7 @@ <p class="original">You can use negative indices to retrieve entries starting from the end and working backwards:</p> <p>è² ã®ã‚¤ãƒ³ãƒ‡ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¹ã‚’ã€å¾Œã‚ã‹ã‚‰å€¤ã‚’å–ã‚‹ã®ã«ä½¿ãˆã¾ã™ã€‚逆å‘ãã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print $array[-1]; # "me" print $array[-2]; # "for" print $array[-3]; # "out" @@ -273,7 +272,7 @@ <p class="original">To get an array's length:</p> <p>é…列ã®é•·ã•ã‚’å¾—ã‚‹ã«ã¯:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "This array has ".(scalar @array)."elements"; # "This array has 6 elements" print "The last populated index is ".$#array; # "The last populated index is 5" </pre> @@ -283,7 +282,7 @@ <p class="original">Variables can be interpolated into strings:</p> <p>変数を文å—列ã®é–“ã«å…¥ã‚Œã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "Hello $string"; # "Hello world" print "@array"; # "print these strings out for me" </pre> @@ -291,7 +290,7 @@ <p class="original"><strong>Caution.</strong> One day you will put somebody's email address inside a string, <code>"jeff****@gmail*****"</code>. This will cause Perl to look for an array variable called <code>@gmail</code> to interpolate into the string, and not find it, resulting in a runtime error. Interpolation can be prevented in two ways: by backslash-escaping the sigil, or by using single quotes instead of double quotes.</p> <p><strong>注æ„。</strong> ã‚ã‚‹æ—¥ã€èª°ã‹ã®ãƒ¡ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã‚¢ãƒ‰ãƒ¬ã‚¹ã€<code>"jeff****@gmail*****"</code>ã‚’æ–‡å—列ã«å…¥ã‚ŒãŸã¨ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ ã“ã‚Œã¯ã€Perlã«<code>@gmail</code>ã¨ã„ã†é…列変数を探ã•ã›ã€æ–‡å—列ã®é–“ã«å…¥ã‚Œã‚ˆã†ã¨ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ãã‚ŒãŒè¦‹ã¤ã‹ã‚‰ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã€ã‚¨ãƒ©ãƒ¼ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚変数ã®å±•é–‹ã‚’防ãã«ã¯2ã¤ã®æ–¹æ³•ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™:シジルをエスケープã™ã‚‹ã€‚ã¾ã¦ã‚ƒã‚ã€ãƒ€ãƒ–ルクォートã®ä»£ã‚ã‚Šã«ã‚·ãƒ³ã‚°ãƒ«ã‚¯ã‚©ãƒ¼ãƒˆã‚’使ã†ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "Hello \$string"; # "Hello $string" print 'Hello $string'; # "Hello $string" print "\@array"; # "@array" @@ -304,7 +303,7 @@ <p class="original">A hash variable is a list of scalars indexed by strings. In Python this is known as a <i>dictionary</i>, and in PHP it is known as an <i>array</i>.</p> <p>ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥å¤‰æ•°ã¯æ–‡å—ã§ã‚¤ãƒ³ãƒ‡ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¹ã•ã‚ŒãŸç´ ã‹ã‚‰ã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã§ã™ã€‚Pythonã§ã¯<i>dictionary</i>ã€PHPã§ã¯<i>array</i>ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my %scientists = ( "Newton" => "Isaac", "Einstein" => "Albert", @@ -325,7 +324,7 @@ print $scientists{"Dyson"}; # returns undef, prints "" and raises a warning </pre> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print $scientists{"Newton"}; # "Isaac" print $scientists{"Einstein"}; # "Albert" print $scientists{"Darwin"}; # "Charles" @@ -339,7 +338,7 @@ <p class="original">You can convert a hash straight to an array with twice as many entries, alternating between key and value (and the reverse is equally easy):</p> <p>エントリを2å€ã«ã—ã¦ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã‚’é…列ã«ç›´æŽ¥å¤‰æ›ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚„ã€ã‚ーã¨å€¤ã‚’変更ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã¾ã™(ãã®é€†ã‚‚ã¾ãŸç°¡å˜ã§ã™):</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @scientists = %scientists; </pre> @@ -347,14 +346,14 @@ <p>ã§ã™ãŒã€é…列ã¨ã¯é•ã„ã€ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã®ã‚ーã¯<em>é †ç•ªãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“</em>。より効率的ãªé †ç•ªã§è¿”ã£ã¦ãã¾ã™ã€‚ãã®ãŸã‚ã€æ•´åˆ—ã•ã‚Œç›´ã•ã‚ŒãŸ<em>é †ç•ª</em>ã«æ°—ã‚’ã¤ã‘ã¦ãã ã•ã„。ã—ã‹ã—ã€çµæžœã®é…列ã®<em>ペア</em>ã¯ä¿æŒã•ã‚Œã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "@scientists"; # something like "Einstein Albert Darwin Charles Newton Isaac" </pre> <p class="original">To recap, you have to use <strong>square brackets</strong> to retrieve a value from an array, but you have to use <strong>braces</strong> to retrieve a value from a hash. The square brackets are effectively a numerical operator and the braces are effectively a string operator. The fact that the <em>index</em> supplied is a number or a string is of absolutely no significance:</p> <p>è¦ç‚¹ã‚’ã¾ã¨ã‚ã‚‹ã¨ã€é…列ã‹ã‚‰å€¤ã‚’å–り出ã™ã®ã«ã¯<strong>四角ã„ブラケット</strong>を使ã‚ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã„ã‘ã¾ã›ã‚“ãŒã€ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã‹ã‚‰å€¤ã‚’å–り出ã™ã®ã¯<strong>ブレース</strong>を使ã‚ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã„ã‘ã¾ã›ã‚“。æä¾›ã•ã‚Œã‚‹<em>インデックス</em>ãŒæ•°å—ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã‹æ–‡å—列ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã¨ã„ã†ã“ã¨ã«ã¯ã€é‡è¦æ€§ã¯ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $data = "orange"; my @data = ("purple"); my %data = ( "0" => "blue"); @@ -372,7 +371,7 @@ <p class="original">A <i>list</i> in Perl is a different thing again from either an array or a hash. You've just seen several lists:</p> <p>Perlã«ãŠã‘ã‚‹<i>リスト</i>ã¯é…列やãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã¨ã¯é•ã†ã‚‚ã®ã§ã™ã€‚æ—¢ã«ã„ãã¤ã‹ã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã—ãŸ:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> ( "print", "these", @@ -394,7 +393,7 @@ <p class="original">Okay. Remember that <code>=></code> is just <code>,</code> in disguise and then look at this example:</p> <p>ã„ã„ã§ã—ょã†ã€‚ <code>=></code>ã¯ã€ãŸã ã®<code>,</code>ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚’æ€ã„出ã—ã€è¿”é€ã•ã›ã¦ã€æ¬¡ã®ä¾‹ã‚’見ã¦ãã ã•ã„:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> ("one", 1, "three", 3, "five", 5) ("one" => 1, "three" => 3, "five" => 5) </pre> @@ -402,7 +401,7 @@ <p class="original">The use of <code>=></code> hints that one of these lists is an array declaration and the other is a hash declaration. But on their own, neither of them are declarations of anything. They are just lists. <em>Identical</em> lists. Also:</p> <p><code>=></code>ã®ä½¿ã„æ–¹ãŒä¸€æ–¹ã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆãŒé…列ã®å®£è¨€ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚’示ã—ã€ä»–æ–¹ã¯ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã®å®£è¨€ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚’示ã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ã§ã™ãŒã€2ã¤ã¨ã‚‚ã€ãれ自身ã€ä½•ã®å®£è¨€ã§ã‚‚ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“。ãŸã ã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã§ã™ã€‚<em>åŒä¸€ã®</em>リストã§ã™ã€‚ã¾ãŸ:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> () </pre> @@ -410,7 +409,7 @@ <p>ãªã‚“ã®ãƒ’ントもå˜åœ¨ã—ã¾ã›ã‚“。ã“ã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã¯ç©ºã®é…列ã¨ã—ã¦å®£è¨€ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ã®ã§ã—ょã†ã‹ã€ãã‚Œã¨ã‚‚ã€ã‚«ãƒ©ã®ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã¨ã—ã¦ã§ã—ょã†ã‹ã€‚<code>perl</code>インタープリタã«ã¯ã€æ˜Žã‚‰ã‹ã«ã©ã¡ã‚‰ã¨ã‚‚判æ–ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã¾ã›ã‚“。Perlã®å¤‰ã‚ã£ãŸä¸€é¢ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã¨ç†è§£ã—ãŸãªã‚‰ã€æ¬¡ã®äº‹å®ŸãŒçœŸã§ã‚ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚‚ã¾ãŸç†è§£ã™ã‚‹ã§ã—ょã†: <strong>リストã®å€¤ã¯ãƒã‚¹ãƒˆã§ãã¾ã›ã‚“。</strong> 試ã—ã¦ã¿ã¦ãã ã•ã„:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @array = ( "apples", "bananas", @@ -458,7 +457,7 @@ print $hash{"eat"}; # undef, so prints "" and raises a warning </pre> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my %hash = ( "beer" => "good", "bananas" => ( @@ -478,7 +477,7 @@ <p class="original">Of course, this does make it easy to concatenate multiple arrays together:</p> <p>ã‚‚ã¡ã‚ã‚“ã€ã“ã®ã“ã¨ã¯è¤‡æ•°ã®é…列を一緒ã«ã—ã‚„ã™ãã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @bones = ("humerus", ("jaw", "skull"), "tibia"); my @fingers = ("thumb", "index", "middle", "ring", "little"); my @parts = (@bones, @fingers, ("foot", "toes"), "eyeball", "knuckle"); @@ -499,13 +498,13 @@ <p><code>$scalar =</code>ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã®å‰²ã‚Šå½“ã¦ã¯ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ†ã‚ストã¨ã—ã¦è©•ä¾¡ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ã‚±ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã§ã¯ã€ã“ã®å¼ã¯<code>"Mendeleev"</code>ã¨ã€è¿”ã•ã‚Œã‚‹å€¤ã¯<code>"Mendeleev"</code>ã¨åŒã˜ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $scalar = "Mendeleev"; </pre> <p class="original">An array or hash assignment such as <code>@array =</code> or <code>%hash =</code> evaluates its expression in list context. A list value evaluated in list context returns the list, which then gets fed in to populate the array or hash:</p> <p><code>@array =</code> ã‚„ <code>%hash =</code> ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªé…列やãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã®å‰²ã‚Šå½“ã¦ã¯ã€ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ†ã‚ストã§è©•ä¾¡ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚リストã®å€¤ã¯ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ†ã‚ストã§è©•ä¾¡ã•ã‚Œã€ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã‚’è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚é…列やãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã«ä»£å…¥ã™ã‚‹ã‚ˆã†ãªã¨ãã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @array = ("Alpha", "Beta", "Gamma", "Pie"); my %hash = ("Alpha" => "Beta", "Gamma" => "Pie"); </pre> @@ -516,25 +515,25 @@ <p class="original">A scalar expression evaluated in list context turns into a single-element list:</p> <p>スカラã®å¼ã¯ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ†ã‚ストã§è©•ä¾¡ã•ã‚Œã‚‹ã¨ã€ã²ã¨ã¤ã®å€¤ã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã¨ãªã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @array = "Mendeleev"; # same as 'my @array = ("Mendeleev");' </pre> <p class="original">A list expression evaluated in scalar context returns <em>the final scalar in the list</em>:</p> <p>リストã®å¼ãŒã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ†ã‚ストã§è©•ä¾¡ã•ã‚Œã‚‹ã¨ã€<em>リストã®æœ€å¾Œã®ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©</em>ã‚’è¿”ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $scalar = ("Alpha", "Beta", "Gamma", "Pie"); # Value of $scalar is now "Pie" </pre> <p class="original">An array expression (an array is different from a list, remember?) evaluated in scalar context returns <em>the length of the array</em>:</p> <p>é…列ã®å¼(é…列ã¯ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã¨é•ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚覚ãˆã¦ã‚‹ï¼Ÿ)ã¯ã€ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ†ã‚ストã§ã¯<em>é…列ã®é•·ã•</em>ã‚’è¿”ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @array = ("Alpha", "Beta", "Gamma", "Pie"); my $scalar = @array; # Value of $scalar is now 4 </pre> <p class="original">The <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/print.html">print</a></code> built-in function evaluates all of its arguments in list context. In fact, <code>print</code> accepts an unlimited list of arguments and prints each one after the other, which means it can be used to print arrays directly:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/print">print</a></code> 組込関数ã¯å…¨ã¦ã®å¼•æ•°ã‚’リストコンテã‚ストã§è©•ä¾¡ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚<code>print</code>ã¯ç„¡åˆ¶é™ã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã®å¼•æ•°ã‚’å—å–ã‚Šã€ä¸€ã¤ä¸€ã¤å‡ºåŠ›ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ã¤ã¾ã‚Šã€é…列を直接与ãˆã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒå‡ºæ¥ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @array = ("Alpha", "Beta", "Goo"); my $scalar = "-X-"; print @array; # "AlphaBetaGoo"; @@ -552,7 +551,7 @@ <p class="original">In the same way that lists cannot contain lists as elements, <strong>arrays and hashes cannot contain other arrays and hashes as elements.</strong> They can only contain scalars. Watch what happens when we try:</p> <p>リストãŒè¦ç´ ã¨ã—ã¦ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã‚’å«ã‚ãªã„ã®ã¨åŒæ§˜ã€<strong>é…列ã¨ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã¯ä»–ã®é…列やãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã‚’è¦ç´ ã¨ã—ã¦æŒã¦ã¾ã›ã‚“</strong>。 両方ã¨ã‚‚スカラã—ã‹æŒã¦ã¾ã›ã‚“。 今ã‹ã‚‰è©¦ã™ã“ã¨ã‚’よã見ã¦ãã ã•ã„:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @outer = ("Sun", "Mercury", "Venus", undef, "Mars"); my @inner = ("Earth", "Moon"); @@ -569,14 +568,14 @@ <p class="original">A reference is created using a backslash.</p> <p>リファレンスã¯ãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¹ãƒ©ãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã‚’使ã£ã¦ä½œã‚‰ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $colour = "Indigo"; my $scalarRef = \$colour; </pre> <p class="original">Any time you would use the name of a variable, you can instead just put some braces in, and, within the braces, put a <em>reference</em> to a variable instead.</p> <p>ã„ã¤ã§ã‚‚ã€å¤‰æ•°ã®åå‰ã‚’使ãˆã¾ã™ã€‚代ã‚ã‚Šã«ãƒ–レースを置ã„ã¦ã€ãƒ–レース内ã«å¤‰æ•°ã¸ã®<em>リファレンス</em>ã‚’ç½®ãã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print $colour; # "Indigo" print $scalarRef; # e.g. "SCALAR(0x182c180)" print ${ $scalarRef }; # "Indigo" @@ -585,14 +584,14 @@ <p class="original">As long as the result is not ambiguous, you can omit the braces too:</p> <p>çµæžœãŒæ›–昧ã§ãªã„é™ã‚Šã€ãƒ–レースをçœç•¥ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚‚ã§ãã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print $$scalarRef; # "Indigo" </pre> <p class="original">If your reference is a reference to an array or hash variable, you can get data out of it using braces or using the more popular arrow operator, <code>-></code>:</p> <p>リファレンスãŒé…列ã‹ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥å¤‰æ•°ã®ãƒªãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ¬ãƒ³ã‚¹ã®å ´åˆã€ãƒ–レースã‹ã‚ˆã‚Šä¸€èˆ¬çš„ãªã‚¢ãƒãƒ¼æ¼”ç®—åã€<code>-></code>を使ã£ã¦ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’å–り出ã›ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @colours = ("Red", "Orange", "Yellow", "Green", "Blue"); my $arrayRef = \@colours; @@ -614,7 +613,7 @@ <p class="original">Here are four examples, but in practice the last one is the most useful.</p> <p>4ã¤ã®ä¾‹ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ã§ã™ãŒã€å®Ÿè·µçš„ã«ã¯ã€æœ€å¾Œã®ã‚‚ã®ãŒã‚‚ã£ã¨ã‚‚有用ã§ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my %owner1 = ( "name" => "Santa Claus", "DOB" => "1882-12-25", @@ -643,7 +642,7 @@ <p class="original">That's obviously unnecessarily laborious, because you can shorten it to:</p> <p>ã“ã‚Œã¯ã€æ˜Žã‚‰ã‹ã«ä¸å¿…è¦ã§éª¨ã®æŠ˜ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ãªãœãªã‚‰ã€æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«çœç•¥ã§ãã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my %owner1 = ( "name" => "Santa Claus", "DOB" => "1882-12-25", @@ -666,7 +665,7 @@ <p class="original">It is also possible to declare <i>anonymous</i> arrays and hashes using different symbols. Use square brackets for an anonymous array and braces for an anonymous hash. The value returned in each case is a <em>reference</em> to the anonymous data structure in question. Watch carefully, this results in exactly the same <code>%account</code> as above:</p> <p>別ã®è¨˜å·ã‚’使ã£ã¦<i>ç„¡å</i>é…列やãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã‚’宣言ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚‚出æ¥ã¾ã™ã€‚四角ã„ブラケットを無åé…列ã«ã€ãƒ–レースを無åãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã«ä½¿ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ãã‚Œãžã‚Œã€è¿”ã•ã‚Œã‚‹å€¤ã¯ã€ç„¡åã®ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿æ§‹é€ ã®<em>リファレンス</em>ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚注æ„ã—ã¦è¦‹ã¦ãã ã•ã„。次ã®çµæžœã¯ã€ä¸Šã®<code>%account</code>ã¨å…¨ãåŒã˜ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> # Braces denote an anonymous hash my $owner1Ref = { "name" => "Santa Claus", @@ -691,7 +690,7 @@ <p class="original">Or, for short (and this is the form you should <em>actually</em> use when declaring complex data structures in-line):</p> <p>ã¾ãŸã¯ã€çœç•¥ã™ã‚‹ã™ã‚‹ã¨(ãã—ã¦ã€è¡Œã§ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿è¤‡é›‘ãªæ§‹é€ を宣言ã™ã‚‹æ™‚ã«ã€<em>実際ã«</em>使ã†ã¹ãå½¢ã§ã™):</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my %account = ( "number" => "31415926", "opened" => "3000-01-01", @@ -715,7 +714,7 @@ <p>ã•ã¦ã€ã„ã˜ãã‚Šã¾ã‚ã™ãŸã‚ã«<code>%account</code>ãŒã¾ã ã‚ã‚‹ã¨ã—ã¾ã—ょã†ã€‚ã§ã™ãŒã€å…¨ã¦ã®ä»–ã®ã‚‚ã®(ä»–ã®ã‚‚ã®ãŒã‚ã£ãŸãªã‚‰)ã¯ã€ã‚¹ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ—ã®å¤–ã«è½ã¡ã¾ã™ã€‚ãã‚Œãžã‚Œã®ã‚±ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã§åŒã˜æ‰‹é †ã‚’逆å‘ãã«ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã§ã€æƒ…å ±ã‚’è¡¨ç¤ºã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚ã‚‚ã†ä¸€åº¦ã€4ã¤ã®ä¾‹ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ãŒã€æœ€å¾Œã®ã‚‚ã®ãŒä¸€ç•ªæœ‰ç”¨ã§ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $ownersRef = $account{"owners"}; my @owners = @{ $ownersRef }; my $owner1Ref = $owners[0]; @@ -732,7 +731,7 @@ <p class="original">Or, for short:</p> <p>ã¾ãŸã¯, çœç•¥ã—ã¦:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @owners = @{ $account{"owners"} }; my %owner1 = %{ $owners[0] }; my %owner2 = %{ $owners[1] }; @@ -746,7 +745,7 @@ <p class="original">Or using references and the <code>-></code> operator:</p> <p>ã¾ãŸã¯ã€ãƒªãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ¬ãƒ³ã‚¹ã¨<code>-></code> を使ã£ã¦:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $ownersRef = $account{"owners"}; my $owner1Ref = $ownersRef->[0]; my $owner2Ref = $ownersRef->[1]; @@ -760,7 +759,7 @@ <p class="original">And if we completely skip all the intermediate values:</p> <p>ãã—ã¦ã€å…¨ã¦ã®ä¸é–“ã®å€¤ã‚’スã‚ップã™ã‚‹ãªã‚‰:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "Account #", $account{"number"}, "\n"; print "Opened on ", $account{"opened"}, "\n"; print "Joint owners:\n"; @@ -773,21 +772,21 @@ <p class="original">This array has five elements:</p> <p>次ã®é…列ã«ã¯5ã¤ã®è¦ç´ ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @array1 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); print @array1; # "12345" </pre> <p class="original">This array, however, has ONE element (which happens to be a reference to an anonymous, five-element array):</p> <p>ã—ã‹ã—ã€æ¬¡ã®é…列ã«ã¯*ã²ã¨ã¤*ã®è¦ç´ (ç„¡åã®5ã¤ã®è¦ç´ ã®é…列ã®ãƒªãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ¬ãƒ³ã‚¹)ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @array2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; print @array2; # e.g. "ARRAY(0x182c180)" </pre> <p class="original">This <em>scalar</em> is a reference to an anonymous, five-element array:</p> <p>次㮠<em>スカラ</em> ã¯ã€ç„¡åã®5ã¤ã®è¦ç´ ã®é…列ã®ãƒªãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ¬ãƒ³ã‚¹ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $array3Ref = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; print $array3Ref; # e.g. "ARRAY(0x22710c0)" print @{ $array3Ref }; # "12345" @@ -802,7 +801,7 @@ <p class="original">No surprises here, other than the spelling of <code>elsif</code>:</p> <p><code>elsif</code>ã®ã‚¹ãƒšãƒ«ä»¥å¤–ã«ã¯é©šãã‚‚ã®ã¯ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $word = "antidisestablishmentarianism"; my $strlen = <a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/length">length</a> $word; @@ -818,13 +817,13 @@ <p class="original">Perl provides a shorter "<i>statement</i> <code>if</code> <i>condition</i>" syntax which is highly recommended for <strong>short</strong> statements:</p> <p>Perlã«ã¯ã‚ˆã‚ŠçŸã„ "<i>ステートメント</i> <code>if</code> <i>æ¡ä»¶</i>"ã®ã‚·ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¹ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚<strong>çŸã„</strong>ステートメント用ã«ã€å¼·ã推奨ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "'", $word, "' is actually enormous" if $strlen >= 20; </pre> <h3><code>unless</code> ... <code>else</code> ...</h3> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $temperature = 20; unless($temperature > 30) { @@ -840,7 +839,7 @@ <p class="original">This, by comparison, is highly recommended because it is so easy to read:</p> <p>一方ã§ã€ä»¥ä¸‹ã¯èªã¿ã‚„ã™ã•ã®ãŸã‚ã«ã€å¼·ã推奨ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "Oh no it's too cold" unless $temperature > 15; </pre> @@ -850,7 +849,7 @@ <p class="original">The ternary operator <code>?:</code> allows simple <code>if</code> statements to be embedded in a statement. The canonical use for this is singular/plural forms:</p> <p>ä¸‰é …æ¼”ç®—å <code>?:</code> ã¯ã€å˜ç´”㪠<code>if</code> ステートメントをã²ã¨ã¤ã®ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ¼ãƒˆãƒ¡ãƒ³ãƒˆã«åŸ‹ã‚è¾¼ã‚ã¾ã™ã€‚ä¸‰é …æ¼”ç®—åã®æ¨™æº–çš„ãªä½¿ã„æ–¹ã¨ã—ã¦ã€å˜æ•°/複数ã®å½¢ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $gain = 48; print "You gained ", $gain, " ", ($gain == 1 ? "experience point" : "experience points"), "!"; </pre> @@ -858,7 +857,7 @@ <p class="original">Aside: singulars and plurals are best spelled out in full in both cases. Don't do something clever like the following, because anybody searching the codebase to replace the words "tooth" or "teeth" will never find this line:</p> <p>余談: 両方ã®ã‚±ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã®å˜æ•°ã¨è¤‡æ•°ã‚’完全ã«æ›¸ã出ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚決ã—ã¦ä»¥ä¸‹ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªå·§å¦™ãªã“ã¨ã‚’ã—ãªã„ã§ãã ã•ã„。コードを検索ã—ã¦ã€"tooth"ã‹"teeth"ã®å˜èªžã‚’ç½®ãæ›ãˆã‚ˆã†ã¨ã—ã¦ã‚‚ã€ã“ã®è¡Œã‹ã‚‰è¦‹ã¤ã‘ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã¾ã›ã‚“。</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $lost = 1; print "You lost ", $lost, " t", ($lost == 1 ? "oo" : "ee"), "th!"; </pre> @@ -866,7 +865,7 @@ <p class="original">Ternary operators may be nested:</p> <p>ä¸‰é …æ¼”ç®—åã¯ãƒã‚¹ãƒˆã§ãã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $eggs = 5; print "You have ", $eggs == 0 ? "no eggs" : $eggs == 1 ? "an egg" : @@ -885,7 +884,7 @@ <p class="original">Perl has a conventional <code>while</code> loop:</p> <p>Perlã®æ…£ä¾‹çš„ãª<code>while</code> ループ:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $i = 0; while($i < scalar @array) { print $i, ": ", $array[$i]; @@ -895,7 +894,7 @@ <p class="original">Perl also offers the <code>until</code> keyword:</p> <p>Perlã«ã¯<code>until</code>ã‚ーワードもã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $i = 0; until($i >= scalar @array) { print $i, ": ", $array[$i]; @@ -906,7 +905,7 @@ <p class="original">These <code>do</code> loops are <em>almost</em> equivalent to the above (a warning would be raised if <code>@array</code> were empty):</p> <p>ã“れらã®<code>do</code>ループã¯ã€<em>ã»ã¨ã‚“ã©</em>上ã¨åŒã˜ã§ã™(<code>@array</code>ãŒç©ºã®å ´åˆè¦å‘ŠãŒèµ·ãã¾ã™):</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $i = 0; do { print $i, ": ", $array[$i]; @@ -917,7 +916,7 @@ <p class="original">and</p> <p>ãã—ã¦</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $i = 0; do { print $i, ": ", $array[$i]; @@ -928,7 +927,7 @@ <p class="original">Basic C-style <code>for</code> loops are available too. Notice how we put a <code>my</code> inside the <code>for</code> statement, declaring <code>$i</code> only for the scope of the loop:</p> <p>基本的ãªC-styleã®<code>for</code>ループも利用ã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚<code>my</code>ã‚’<code>for</code>æ–‡ã®å†…å´ã«ç½®ã方法ã«æ³¨æ„ã—ã¦ãã ã•ã„。宣言ã•ã‚ŒãŸ<code>$i</code>ã¯ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ—ã®ã‚¹ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ—ã§ã®ã¿æœ‰åŠ¹ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> for(my $i = 0; $i < scalar @array; $i++) { print $i, ": ", $array[$i]; } @@ -937,7 +936,7 @@ <p class="original">This kind of <code>for</code> loop is considered old-fashioned and should be avoided where possible. Native iteration over a list is much nicer. Note: unlike PHP, the <code>for</code> and <code>foreach</code> keywords are synonyms. Just use whatever looks most readable:</p> <p>ã“ã®ç¨®ã®<code>for</code>ループã¯å¤è‡ã„ã‚„ã‚Šæ–¹ãªã®ã§ã€å¯èƒ½ã§ã‚ã‚Œã°é¿ã‘ã‚‹ã¹ãã§ã™ã€‚リストã®ãƒã‚¤ãƒ†ã‚£ãƒ–ã®ã‚¤ãƒ†ãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚·ãƒ§ãƒ³ã¯ã‚ˆã‚Šç°¡å˜ã§ã™ã€‚注æ„: PHPã¨é•ã„〠<code>for</code> 㨠<code>foreach</code> ã‚ーワードã¯ã‚·ãƒŽãƒ‹ãƒ ã§ã™ã€‚ã‚‚ã£ã¨ã‚‚èªã¿ã‚„ã™ã„ã‚‚ã®ã®ã„ãšã‚Œã‹ã‚’使ã£ã¦ãã ã•ã„:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> foreach my $string ( @array ) { print $string; } @@ -946,7 +945,7 @@ <p class="original">If you do need the indices, the <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/perlop.html#Range-Operators">range operator</a> <code>..</code> creates an anonymous list of integers:</p> <p>複数ã®ã‚¤ãƒ³ãƒ‡ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¹ãŒå¿…è¦ãªã‚‰ã€<a href="http://perldoc.jp/docs/perl/perlop.pod#Range32Operators">範囲演算å</a><code>..</code>ã§æ•´æ•°ã®ç„¡åリストを作れã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> foreach my $i ( 0 .. $#array ) { print $i, ": ", $array[$i]; } @@ -955,7 +954,7 @@ <p class="original">You can't iterate over a hash. However, you can iterate over its keys. Use the <code>keys</code> built-in function to retrieve an array containing all the keys of a hash. Then use the <code>foreach</code> approach that we used for arrays:</p> <p>ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã¯ã‚¤ãƒ†ãƒ¬ãƒ¼ãƒˆã§ãã¾ã›ã‚“。ãã®ã‚ーをイテレートã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚組込関数ã®<code>keys</code>を使ã£ã¦ã€ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã®å…¨ã¦ã®ã‚ーをå«ã‚€é…列をå–り出ã—ã¦ãã ã•ã„。ãã‚Œã‹ã‚‰ã€é…列ã§ä½¿ã£ãŸ<code>foreach</code>ã®ã‚¢ãƒ—ãƒãƒ¼ãƒã‚’使ã„ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> foreach my $key (keys %scientists) { print $key, ": ", $scientists{$key}; } @@ -963,7 +962,7 @@ <p class="original">Since a hash has no underlying order, the keys may be returned in any order. Use the <code>sort</code> built-in function to sort the array of keys alphabetically beforehand:</p> <p>ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã«ã¯é †ç•ªãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“ã®ã§ã€keysã¯ã©ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªé †ç•ªã§ã‚‚戻りã¾ã™ã€‚組込ã®<code>sort</code>関数を使ã£ã¦ã€ã‚¢ãƒ«ãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ™ãƒƒãƒˆé †ã§ã‚ーã®é…列をソートã§ãã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> foreach my $key (sort keys %scientists) { print $key, ": ", $scientists{$key}; } @@ -972,7 +971,7 @@ <p class="original">If you don't provide an explicit iterator, Perl uses a default iterator, <code>$_</code>. <code>$_</code> is the first and friendliest of the <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/perlvar.html">built-in variables</a>:</p> <p>明示的ãªã‚¤ãƒ†ãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’使ã‚ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã€Perlã¯ãƒ‡ãƒ•ã‚©ãƒ«ãƒˆã®ã‚¤ãƒ†ãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã¨ã—ã¦<code>$_</code>を使ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚<code>$_</code>ã¯æœ€åˆã®æœ€ã‚‚フレンドリーãª<a href="http://perldoc.jp/docs/perl/perlvar.pod">組込ã®å¤‰æ•°</a>ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> foreach ( @array ) { print $_; } @@ -980,7 +979,7 @@ <p class="original">If using the default iterator, and you only wish to put a single statement inside your loop, you can use the super-short loop syntax:</p> <p>デフォルトã®ã‚¤ãƒ†ãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’使ã†ãªã‚‰ã€ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ—ã«ä¸€ã¤ã®ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ¼ãƒˆãƒ¡ãƒ³ãƒˆã—ã‹ç½®ã‹ãªã„ã®ãªã‚‰ã€ã¨ã¦ã‚‚çŸã„ループã®ã‚·ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¹ã‚’使ãˆã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print $_ foreach @array; </pre> @@ -991,7 +990,7 @@ <p><code>next</code> 㨠<code>last</code>ã¯ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ—進ã¿ã‚’制御ã™ã‚‹ã®ã«ä½¿ã‚ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚多ãã®ãƒ—ãƒã‚°ãƒ©ãƒŸãƒ³ã‚°è¨€èªžã§ã¯ã€ãã‚Œãžã‚Œã€<code>continue</code> 㨠<code>break</code>ã¨ãªã£ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚オプションã§ã€ã©ã®ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ—ã«ã‚‚ラベルをã¤ã‘ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚慣例ã«ã‚ˆã‚Šã€ãƒ©ãƒ™ãƒ«ã¯<code>å…¨ã¦å¤§æ–‡å—ã§</code>書ãã“ã¨ã«ãªã£ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ループã«ãƒ©ãƒ™ãƒ«ã‚’ã¤ã‘ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã§ã€<code>next</code> 㨠<code>last</code> ã«ãƒ©ãƒ™ãƒ«ã‚’対象ã«ã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚100以下ã®ç´ 数を見ã¤ã‘る例ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> CANDIDATE: for my $candidate ( 2 .. 100 ) { for my $divisor ( 2 .. <a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/sqrt">sqrt</a> $candidate ) { next CANDIDATE if $candidate % $divisor == 0; @@ -1010,42 +1009,42 @@ <p><code>@stack</code>を使ã£ã¦ãƒ‡ãƒ¢ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @stack = ("Fred", "Eileen", "Denise", "Charlie"); print @stack; # "FredEileenDeniseCharlie" </pre> <p class="original"><code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/pop.html">pop</a></code> extracts and returns the final element of the array. This can be thought of as the top of the stack:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/pop">pop</a></code> ã¯é…列ã®æœ€å¾Œã®è¦ç´ を引ã出ã—ã¦è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚スタックã®ä¸Šã¨ã—ã¦è€ƒãˆã‚‰ã‚Œã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print pop @stack; # "Charlie" print @stack; # "FredEileenDenise" </pre> <p class="original"><code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/push.html">push</a></code> appends extra elements to the end of the array:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldocjp/func/push">push</a></code> ã¯è¿½åŠ ã®è¦ç´ ã‚’é…列ã®æœ€å¾Œã«ä»˜åŠ ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> push @stack, "Bob", "Alice"; print @stack; # "FredEileenDeniseBobAlice" </pre> <p class="original"><code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/shift.html">shift</a></code> extracts and returns the first element of the array:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/func/shift">shift</a></code> ã¯é…列ã®æœ€åˆã®è¦ç´ を引ã出ã—ã¦è¿”ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print shift @stack; # "Fred" print @stack; # "EileenDeniseBobAlice" </pre> <p class="original"><code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/unshift.html">unshift</a></code> inserts new elements at the beginning of the array:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/unshift">unshift</a></code> é…列ã®æœ€åˆã«æ–°ã—ã„è¦ç´ を挿入ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> unshift @stack, "Hank", "Grace"; print @stack; # "HankGraceEileenDeniseBobAlice" </pre> <p class="original"><code>pop</code>, <code>push</code>, <code>shift</code> and <code>unshift</code> are all special cases of <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/splice.html">splice</a></code>. <code>splice</code> removes and returns an array slice, replacing it with a different array slice:</p> <p><code>pop</code>ã€<code>push</code>〠<code>shift</code>ã€<code>unshift</code> ã¯ã€å…¨ã¦ã€<code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/splice">splice</a></code>ã®ç‰¹åˆ¥ãªã‚±ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã§ã™ã€‚<code>splice</code> ã¯ã€é…列ã®ã‚¹ãƒ©ã‚¤ã‚¹ã‚’削除ã—ã¦ã€è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚別ã®é…列スライスã§ãれを置ãæ›ãˆã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print splice(@stack, 1, 4, "<<<", ">>>"); # "GraceEileenDeniseBob" print @stack; # "Hank<<<>>>Alice" </pre> @@ -1059,7 +1058,7 @@ <p class="original">The <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/join.html">join</a></code> function concatenates many strings into one:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/join">join</a></code> 関数ã¯å¤šãã®æ–‡å—列を一ã¤ã«çµåˆã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @elements = ("Antimony", "Arsenic", "Aluminum", "Selenium"); print @elements; # "AntimonyArsenicAluminumSelenium" print "@elements"; # "Antimony Arsenic Aluminum Selenium" @@ -1068,7 +1067,7 @@ <p class="original">In list context, the <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/reverse.html">reverse</a></code> function returns a list in reverse order. In scalar context, <code>reverse</code> concatenates the whole list together and then reverses it as a single word.</p> <p>リストコンテã‚ストã§ã¯ã€<code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/reverse">reverse</a></code>関数ã¯é€†é †ã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã‚’è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚スカラーコンテã‚ストã§ã¯<code>reverse</code>リストã®å…¨ã¦ã‚’ã¤ãªã’ã¦ä¸€ã¤ã®æ–‡å—列ã¨ã—ã¦ã€ãã‚Œã‚’é€†é †ã«ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print reverse("Hello", "World"); # "WorldHello" print reverse("HelloWorld"); # "HelloWorld" print scalar reverse("HelloWorld"); # "dlroWolleH" @@ -1078,7 +1077,7 @@ <p class="original">The <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/map.html">map</a></code> function takes an array as input and applies an operation to every scalar <code>$_</code> in this array. It then constructs a new array out of the results. The operation to perform is provided in the form of a single expression inside braces:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/map">map</a></code>関数ã¯å…¥åŠ›ã¨ã—ã¦é…列をã¨ã‚Šã€é…列内ã®å…¨ã¦ã®ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ© <code>$_</code>ã‚’æ“作ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚çµæžœã¨ã—ã¦æ–°ã—ã„é…列を作りã¾ã™ã€‚æ“作ã¯ã²ã¨ã¤ã®ãƒ–レースã§æ¸¡ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @capitals = ("Baton Rouge", "Indianapolis", "Columbus", "Montgomery", "Helena", "Denver", "Boise"); print join ", ", map { uc $_ } @capitals; @@ -1088,7 +1087,7 @@ <p class="original">The <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/grep.html">grep</a></code> function takes an array as input and returns a filtered array as output. The syntax is similar to <code>map</code>. This time, the second argument is evaluated for each scalar <code>$_</code> in the input array. If a boolean true value is returned, the scalar is put into the output array, otherwise not.</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/grep">grep</a></code>関数ã¯å…¥åŠ›ã¨ã—ã¦é…列をã¨ã‚Šã€ãƒ•ã‚£ãƒ«ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã•ã‚ŒãŸé…列を出力ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚シンタックスã¯<code>map</code>ã¨ä¼¼ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚今度ã¯ã€ç¬¬äºŒå¼•æ•°ã¯å…¥åŠ›ã•ã‚ŒãŸé…列ã®å„スカラ<code>$_</code>を評価ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ブーリアンã§çœŸã®å€¤ãŒæˆ»ã‚Œã°ã€ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã¯é…列ã¨ã—ã¦å‡ºåŠ›ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ãŒã€ãã†ã§ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã€å‡ºåŠ›ã•ã‚Œã¾ã›ã‚“。</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print join ", ", grep { length $_ == 6 } @capitals; # "Helena, Denver" </pre> @@ -1096,7 +1095,7 @@ <p class="original">Obviously, the length of the resulting array is the <em>number of successful matches</em>, which means you can use <code>grep</code> to quickly check whether an array contains an element:</p> <p>当然ã€çµæžœã®é…列ã®é•·ã•ã¯ã€<em>マッãƒã«æˆåŠŸã—ãŸæ•°</em>ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€ã“ã®ã¨ã“ã¨ã¯ã€<code>grep</code>ã‚’é…列ã«è¦ç´ ãŒã‚ã‚‹ã‹ã©ã†ã‹ã‚’ç´ æ—©ããƒã‚§ãƒƒã‚¯ã™ã‚‹ã®ã«ä½¿ãˆã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚’æ„味ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print scalar grep { $_ eq "Columbus" } @capitals; # "1" </pre> @@ -1106,7 +1105,7 @@ <p class="original">By default, the <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/sort.html">sort</a></code> function returns the input array, sorted into lexical (alphabetical) order:</p> <p>デフォルトã§ã¯ã€<code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/sort">sort</a></code>関数ã¯å…¥åŠ›ã•ã‚ŒãŸé…列を文å—é †(ã‚¢ãƒ«ãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ™ãƒƒãƒˆé †)ã«ä¸¦ã³ã‹ãˆã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @elevations = (19, 1, 2, 100, 3, 98, 100, 1056); print join ", ", sort @elevations; @@ -1119,7 +1118,7 @@ <p class="original">The <code>cmp</code> operator does exactly this for strings:</p> <p><code>cmp</code> 演算åã¯æ–‡å—列ã«å¯¾ã—ã¦ã€ã¾ã•ã«ã“れをã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print join ", ", sort { $a cmp $b } @elevations; # "1, 100, 100, 1056, 19, 2, 3, 98" </pre> @@ -1127,7 +1126,7 @@ <p class="original">The "spaceship operator", <code><=></code>, does the same for numbers:</p> <p>"スペースシップ演算å", <code><=></code>ã¯ã€æ•°å—ã«å¯¾ã—ã¦åŒã˜ã“ã¨ã‚’ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print join ", ", sort { $a <=> $b } @elevations; # "1, 2, 3, 19, 98, 100, 100, 1056" </pre> @@ -1135,7 +1134,7 @@ <p class="original"><code>$a</code> and <code>$b</code> are always scalars, but they can be references to quite complex objects which are difficult to compare. If you need more space for the comparison, you can create a separate subroutine and provide its name instead:</p> <p><code>$a</code> 㨠<code>$b</code> ã¯å¸¸ã«ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ãƒ¼ã§ã™ãŒã€æ¯”較ãŒé›£ã—ã„éžå¸¸ã«è¤‡é›‘ãªã‚ªãƒ–ジェクトã®ãƒªãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ¬ãƒ³ã‚¹ã‚‚ã‚ã‚Šãˆã¾ã™ã€‚比較ã«ã‚ˆã‚Šã‚¹ãƒšãƒ¼ã‚¹ãŒå¿…è¦ãªã‚‰ã€åˆ¥ã®ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã‚’作りã€ä»£ã‚ã‚Šã«ãã®åå‰ã‚’渡ã›ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> sub comparator { # lots of code... # return -1, 0 or 1 @@ -1194,7 +1193,7 @@ <p class="original">Once you're inside a subroutine, the arguments are available using the <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/perlvar.html">built-in array variable</a> <code>@_</code>. Example:</p> <p>サブルーãƒãƒ³ã®ä¸ã«å…¥ã£ã¦ã—ã¾ã†ã¨ã€<a href="http://perldoc.jp/docs/perl/perlvar.pod">組込ã®é…列変数</a><code>@_</code>ãŒä½¿ãˆã¾ã™ã€‚例:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> sub hyphenate { # Extract the first argument from the array, ignore everything else @@ -1216,7 +1215,7 @@ <p>å…¨ã¦ã®ä»–ã®ä¸»è¦ãªãƒ—ãƒã‚°ãƒ©ãƒŸãƒ³ã‚°è¨€èªžã¨ã¯é•ã„ã€Perlã¯ãƒªãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ¬ãƒ³ã‚¹ã¨å‘¼ã³ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã‚Œã¯ã€ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã®å†…å´ã§åˆ©ç”¨å¯èƒ½ãªå¤‰æ•°ã‹å€¤ãŒã‚ªãƒªã‚¸ãƒŠãƒ«ã®ã‚³ãƒ”ーã§ã¯ãªã„ã“ã¨ã‚’æ„味ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $x = 7; sub reassign { @@ -1231,13 +1230,13 @@ <p>次ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªã‚‚ã®ã‚’試ã™ã¨</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> reassign(8); </pre> <p>then an error occurs and execution halts, because the first line of <code>reassign()</code> is equivalent to</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> 8 = 7; </pre> @@ -1258,7 +1257,7 @@ <p>例ã®ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³<code>left_pad</code>ã¯ã€ä»¥ä¸‹ã®ä¾‹ã¯ã€æ¸¡ã•ã‚ŒãŸè©°ã‚è¾¼ã¿æ–‡å—を使ã£ã¦ã€å¿…è¦ãªé•·ã•ã«ãªã‚‹ã¾ã§æ–‡å—列ã«ä»˜åŠ ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚(<code>x</code>関数ã¯è¡Œã«åŒã˜æ–‡å—列ã®è¤‡æ•°ã®ã‚³ãƒ”ーをã¤ãªã’ã¾ã™)。(注æ„: ç°¡æ½”ã•ã®ãŸã‚ã«ã€ã“れらã®ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã¯å…¨ã¦åŸºæœ¬çš„ãªã‚¨ãƒ©ãƒ¼ãƒã‚§ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚’è¡Œã£ã¦ã„ã¾ã›ã‚“。例ãˆã°ã€è©°ã‚è¾¼ã¿æ–‡å—ãŒ1æ–‡å—ã®ã¿ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚’ä¿è¨¼ã™ã‚‹ã¨ã‹ã€é•·ã•ãŒæ—¢å˜ã®æ–‡å—列ã®é•·ã•ä»¥ä¸Šã§ã‚ã‚‹ã‹ã€å¿…è¦ãªå¼•æ•°ãŒå…¨ã¦æ¸¡ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ã‹ã©ã†ã‹ã€ãªã©)。</p> <p class="original"><code>left_pad</code> is typically invoked as follows:</p> <p><code>left_pad</code> ã¯å…¸åž‹çš„ã«ã€æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«å‘¼ã°ã‚Œã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print left_pad("hello", 10, "+"); # "+++++hello" </pre> @@ -1266,7 +1265,7 @@ <li> <p class="original">Unpacking <code>@_</code> entry by entry is effective but not terribly pretty:</p> <p>エントリã«ã‚ˆã£ã¦ã€<code>@_</code>エントリをå–り出ã™ã®ã¯ã€åŠ¹çŽ‡çš„ã§ã™ãŒã€ã‚ã¾ã‚Šã‚ˆãã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> sub left_pad { my $oldString = $_[0]; my $width = $_[1]; @@ -1279,7 +1278,7 @@ <li> <p class="original">Unpacking <code>@_</code> by removing data from it using <code>shift</code> is recommended for up to 4 arguments:</p> <p><code>@_</code>ã‚’å–り出ã™ã®ã«ã€<code>shift</code>を使ã£ã¦ã€@_ã‹ã‚‰ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’削除ã™ã‚‹ã®ã¯ã€å¼•æ•°ãŒ4ã¤ã¾ã§ãªã‚‰æŽ¨å¥¨ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> sub left_pad { my $oldString = shift @_; my $width = shift @_; @@ -1290,7 +1289,7 @@ </pre> <p class="original">If no array is provided to the <code>shift</code> function, then it operates on <code>@_</code> implicitly. This approach is seen very commonly:</p> <p><code>shift</code>ã«é…列を渡ã•ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã€æš—é»™ã«ã€<code>@_</code>ã«å¯¾ã—ã¦æ“作ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ã‚¢ãƒ—ãƒãƒ¼ãƒã¯ã¨ã¦ã‚‚よã見られã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> sub left_pad { my $oldString = shift; my $width = shift; @@ -1305,7 +1304,7 @@ <li> <p class="original">You can unpack <code>@_</code> all in one go using multiple simultaneous scalar assignment. Again, this is okay for up to 4 arguments:</p> <p><code>@_</code>ã®å–り出ã—ã‚’ã€åŒæ™‚ã«å…¨ã¦ä¸€åº¦ã«ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ã«å‰²ã‚Šå½“ã¦ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒå‡ºæ¥ã¾ã™ã€‚ ã“ã®æ–¹æ³•ã‚‚ã€å¼•æ•°ãŒ4ã¤ã¾ã§ãªã‚‰å•é¡Œã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> sub left_pad { my ($oldString, $width, $padChar) = @_; my $newString = ($padChar x ($width - length $oldString)) . $oldString; @@ -1316,12 +1315,12 @@ <li> <p class="original">For subroutines with large numbers of arguments or where some arguments are optional or cannot be used in combination with others, best practice is to require the user to provide a hash of arguments when calling the subroutine, and then unpack <code>@_</code> back into that hash of arguments. For this approach, our subroutine call would look a little different:</p> <p>引数ãŒå¤šã„サブルーãƒãƒ³ã‚„ã€ã„ãã¤ã‹ã®å¼•æ•°ãŒã‚ªãƒ—ションã§ã‚ã‚‹ã¨ã‹ã€ä»–ã¨ã®çµ„ã¿åˆã‚ã›ã§ä½¿ãˆãªã„ãªã‚‰ã€æœ€ã‚‚良ã„方法ã¯ã€ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã®å‘¼ã³å‡ºã—時ã«ã€ãƒ¦ãƒ¼ã‚¶ã«ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã®å¼•æ•°ã‚’渡ã•ã›ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã§ã™ã€‚ãã—ã¦ã€<code>@_</code>ã‚’ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã«å–り出ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ã‚¢ãƒ—ãƒãƒ¼ãƒã®ãŸã‚ã«ã€ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã®å‘¼ã³å‡ºã—ã¯ã¡ã‚‡ã£ã¨é•ã£ãŸã‚‚ã®ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print left_pad("oldString" => "pod", "width" => 10, "padChar" => "+"); </pre> <p class="original">And the subroutine itself looks like this:</p> <p>ãã—ã¦ã€ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³è‡ªèº«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> sub left_pad { my %args = @_; my $newString = ($args{"padChar"} x ($args{"width"} - length $args{"oldString"})) . $args{"oldString"}; @@ -1336,7 +1335,7 @@ <p>ä»–ã®Perlã®å¼ã¨åŒæ§˜ã€ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³å‘¼ã³å‡ºã—ã¯ã€ã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ†ã‚ストä¾å˜ã®æŒ¯ã‚‹èˆžã„ã‚’ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚<code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/wantarray">wantarray</a></code>を使ã†ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã¾ã™(<code>wantlist</code>ã¨å‘¼ã°ã‚Œã‚‹ã¹ãã§ã™ãŒã€æ°—ã«ã—ãªã„ã§ãã ã•ã„)を使ã£ã¦ã€ã©ã®ã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ†ã‚ストã§ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ãŒè©•ä¾¡ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ã‹ã‚’ãƒã‚§ãƒƒã‚¯ã§ãã€ã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ†ã‚ストã«é©ã—ãŸçµæžœã‚’è¿”ã™ã“ã¨ãŒå‡ºæ¥ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> sub contextualSubroutine { # Caller wants a list. Return a list return ("Everest", "K2", "Etna") if wantarray; @@ -1361,20 +1360,20 @@ <p>Perlã«ã¯ä¸€ã¤ä»¥ä¸Šã® - åプãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã‚’産む - 方法ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ç¾åœ¨ã®ã‚¹ã‚¯ãƒªãƒ—トをæ¢ã‚ã€åプãƒã‚»ã‚¹ãŒçµ‚ã‚ã£ãŸã‚‰ã€ç¾åœ¨ã®ã‚¹ã‚¯ãƒªãƒ—トã®è§£é‡ˆã‚’続ã‘ã¾ã™ã€‚ã©ã®æ–¹æ³•ã‚’使ã£ã¦ã‚‚ã€ãã®ç›´å¾Œã§ã€åプãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã®çµ‚了時ã«è¿”ã•ã‚ŒãŸçŠ¶æ…‹ãƒ¯ãƒ¼ãƒ‰ãŒ<a href="http://perldoc.jp/docs/perl/perlvar.pod">組込ã®ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©å¤‰æ•°</a>ã®<code>$?</code>ã«å…¥ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚è¿”ã•ã‚ŒãŸå€¤ã®16ビットã®ä¸Šä½8ã‚’å–ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã§ã€ãƒªã‚¿ãƒ¼ãƒ³ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ‰ã‚’å¾—ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã¾ã™: <code>$? >> 8</code>。</p> <p class="original">The <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/system.html">system</a></code> function can be used to invoke another program with the arguments listed. The value returned by <code>system</code> is the same value with which <code>$?</code> is populated:</p> <p><code>system</code>関数ã¯ä»–ã®ãƒ—ãƒã‚°ãƒ©ãƒ を引数ã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã¨ä¸€ç·’ã«å‘¼ã³å‡ºã›ã¾ã™ã€‚<code>system</code>ã«ã‚ˆã£ã¦è¿”ã•ã‚Œã‚‹å€¤ã¯ã€<code>$?</code>ã«å…¥ã‚‹ã®ã¨åŒã˜å€¤ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $rc = system "perl", "anotherscript.pl", "foo", "bar", "baz"; $rc >>= 8; print $rc; # "37" </pre> <p class="original">Alternatively, you can use backticks <code>``</code> to run an actual command at the command line and capture the standard output from that command. In scalar context the entire output is returned as a single string. In list context, the entire output is returned as an array of strings, each one representing a line of output.</p> <p>代ã‚ã‚Šã«ã€ãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¯ã‚©ãƒ¼ãƒˆ<code>``</code>を使ã£ã¦ã€ã‚³ãƒžãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ©ã‚¤ãƒ³ã§å®Ÿéš›ã®ã‚³ãƒžãƒ³ãƒ‰ã‚’走らã›ã¦ã€ã‚³ãƒžãƒ³ãƒ‰ã‹ã‚‰ã®æ¨™æº–出力をã‚ャプãƒãƒ£ã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚スカラコンテã‚ストã§ã¯ã€å…¨ã¦ã®å‡ºåŠ›ã¯å˜ä¸€ã®æ–‡å—列ã¨ã—ã¦å¸°ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚リストコンテã‚ストã§ã¯ã€å…¨ã¦ã®å‡ºåŠ›ã¯ä¸€è¡Œãšã¤ã®æ–‡å—列ã®é…列ã¨ã—ã¦è¿”ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $text = `perl anotherscript.pl foo bar baz`; print $text; # "foobarbaz" </pre> <p class="original">This is the behaviour which would be seen if <code>anotherscript.pl</code> contained, for example:</p> <p>ã“ã‚Œã¯ã€<code>anotherscript.pl</code>ãŒå«ã‚“ã§ã„ãŸã‚‰ã€è¦‹ã‚‰ã‚Œã‚‹æŒ¯ã‚‹èˆžã„ã§ã™ã€‚例:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1391,7 +1390,7 @@ <p class="original">Use <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/open.html">open</a></code> to turn a scalar variable into a file handle. <code>open</code> must be supplied with a <i>mode</i>. The mode <code><</code> indicates that we wish to open the file to read from it:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/open">open</a></code>を使ã£ã¦ã€ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©å¤‰æ•°ã‚’ファイルãƒãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ«ã«ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚<code>open</code>ã¯<i>モード</i>ã¨ã¨ã‚‚ã«ä½¿ã‚ã‚Œãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã„ã‘ã¾ã›ã‚“。モード <code><</code> ã¯ã€ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã‹ã‚‰èªã¿å‡ºã—ãŸã„ã“ã¨ã‚’æ„図ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $f = "text.txt"; my $result = open my $fh, "<", $f; @@ -1404,7 +1403,7 @@ <p class="original">If successful, <code>open</code> returns a true value. Otherwise, it returns false and an error message is stuffed into the built-in variable <code>$!</code>. As seen above, you should always check that the <code>open</code> operation completed successfully. This checking being rather tedious, a common idiom is:</p> <p>æˆåŠŸã™ã‚Œã°ã€<code>open</code>ã¯çœŸã‚’è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ãã†ã§ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ã€å½ã‚’è¿”ã—ã€ã‚¨ãƒ©ãƒ¼ãƒ¡ãƒƒã‚»ãƒ¼ã‚¸ãŒçµ„ã¿è¾¼ã¿ã®å¤‰æ•°<code>$!</code>ã«å…¥ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚上ã§è¦‹ãŸã‚ˆã†ã«ã€<code>open</code> 演算åãŒå®Œå…¨ã«æˆåŠŸã—ãŸã‹ã‚’常ã«ãƒã‚§ãƒƒã‚¯ã™ã¹ãã§ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ãƒã‚§ãƒƒã‚¯ã®æ‰‹ç¶šãã¯é€€å±ˆã§ã™ãŒã€ã‚ˆãã¿ã‹ã‘るイディオムã¯æ¬¡ã®ã‚‚ã®ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> open(my $fh, "<", $f) || die "Couldn't open '".$f."' for reading because: ".$!; </pre> <p class="original">Note the need for parentheses around the <code>open</code> call's arguments.</p> @@ -1413,7 +1412,7 @@ <p class="original">To read a line of text from a filehandle, use the <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/readline.html">readline</a></code> built-in function. <code>readline</code> returns a full line of text, with a line break intact at the end of it (except possibly for the final line of the file), or <code>undef</code> if you've reached the end of the file.</p> <p>ファイルãƒãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ«ã‹ã‚‰ãƒ†ã‚ストã®è¡Œã‚’èªã‚€ãŸã‚ã«ã€çµ„込関数ã®<code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/readline">readline</a></code>を使ãˆã¾ã™ã€‚<code>readline</code>ã¯ã€ãƒ†ã‚ストã®ä¸€è¡Œå…¨ä½“ã‚’ã€ãã®çµ‚ã‚ã‚Šã«æ”¹è¡Œã‚’ãã®ã¾ã¾å«ã‚“ã§è¿”ã™(ãŸã¶ã‚“ファイルã®æœ€çµ‚行を除ã„ã¦)ã‹ã€ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã®æœ€å¾Œã«é”ã™ã‚‹ã¨<code>undef</code>ã‚’è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> while(1) { my $line = readline $fh; last unless defined $line; @@ -1422,7 +1421,7 @@ </pre> <p class="original">To truncate that possible trailing line break, use <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/chomp.html">chomp</a></code>:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/chomp">chomp</a></code>を使ã†ã¨æ”¹è¡Œã‚’å–り除ã‘ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> chomp $line; </pre> <p class="original">Note that <code>chomp</code> acts on <code>$line</code> in place. <code>$line = chomp $line</code> is probably not what you want.</p> @@ -1430,7 +1429,7 @@ <p class="original">You can also use <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/eof.html">eof</a></code> to detect that the end of the file has been reached:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/eof">eof</a></code>を使ã£ã¦ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã®çµ‚端を判æ–ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã‚‚ã§ãã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> while(!eof $fh) { my $line = readline $fh; # process $line... @@ -1439,21 +1438,21 @@ <p class="original">But beware of just using <code>while(my $line = readline $fh)</code>, because if <code>$line</code> turns out to be <code>"0"</code>, the loop will terminate early. If you want to write something like that, Perl provides the <code><></code> operator which wraps up <code>readline</code> in a fractionally safer way. This is very commonly-seen and perfectly safe:</p> <p>ã§ã™ãŒã€<code>while(my $line = readline $fh)</code>を使ã†ã®ã¯æ³¨æ„ã—ã¦ãã ã•ã„。<code>$line</code>ãŒ<code>"0"</code>ã§åˆã£ãŸå ´åˆã€ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ—ã¯æ—©ãã«çµ‚ã‚ã£ã¦ã—ã¾ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ãã®ã‚ˆã†ã«æ›¸ããŸã„ã®ãªã‚‰ã°ã€Perlã«ã¯<code><></code>演算åãŒã‚ã‚Šã€å°‘ã—安全ãªæ–¹æ³•ã§<code>readline</code>をラップã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚次ã®ã‚‚ã®ã¯ã€ã¨ã¦ã‚‚よãã‚る完全ã«å®‰å…¨ãªã‚‚ã®ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> while(my $line = <$fh>) { # process $line... } </pre> <p class="original">And even:</p> <p>次ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ã•ãˆ:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> while(<$fh>) { # process $_... } </pre> <p class="original">Writing to a file involves first opening it in a different mode. The mode <code>></code> indicates that we wish to open the file to write to it. (<code>></code> will clobber the content of the target file if it already exists and has content. To merely append to an existing file, use mode <code>>></code>.) Then, simply provide the filehandle as a zeroth argument for the <code>print</code> function.</p> <p>ファイルã«æ›¸ãè¾¼ã‚€å ´åˆã¯ã€é•ã£ãŸãƒ¢ãƒ¼ãƒ‰ã§æœ€åˆã«é–‹ãã¾ã™ã€‚モード <code>></code> ã¯ã€æ›¸ãè¾¼ã¿ç”¨ã«ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã‚’é–‹ãã“ã¨ã‚’指示ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚(<code>></code>ã¯ã€ç›®çš„ã®ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã®ä¸èº«ã‚’壊ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚å˜ç´”ã«ã€è¿½åŠ ã—ãŸã„å ´åˆã¯ã€<code>>></code> ã®ãƒ¢ãƒ¼ãƒ‰ã‚’使ã„ã¾ã™)。ãã‚Œã‹ã‚‰ã€<code>print</code>関数ã®0番目ã®å¼•æ•°ã¨ã—ã¦ã€ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ãƒãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ«ã‚’å˜ã«æ¸¡ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> open(my $fh2, ">", $f) || die "Couldn't open '".$f."' for writing because: ".$!; print $fh2 "The eagles have left the nest"; </pre> @@ -1463,19 +1462,19 @@ <p class="original">File handles are actually closed automatically when they drop out of scope, but otherwise:</p> <p>ファイルãƒãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ«ã¯ã‚¹ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ—を抜ã‘ã‚‹ã¨è‡ªå‹•çš„ã«é–‰ã˜ã‚‰ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ã‚‚ã—ãã¯ã€æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> <a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/close">close</a> $fh2; close $fh; </pre> <p class="original">Three filehandles exist as global constants: <code>STDIN</code>, <code>STDOUT</code> and <code>STDERR</code>. These are open automatically when the script starts. To read a single line of user input:</p> <p>3ã¤ã®ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ãƒãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ«ãŒã‚°ãƒãƒ¼ãƒãƒ«ãªå®šæ•°ã¨ã—ã¦ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™: <code>STDIN</code>ã¨<code>STDOUT</code>ã¨<code>STDERR</code>ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ã“れらã¯ã‚¹ã‚¯ãƒªãƒ—トãŒé–‹å§‹ã•ã‚ŒãŸã¨ãã«è‡ªå‹•çš„ã«é–‹ã‹ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ユーザーã®å…¥åŠ›ã‚’一行èªã‚€ã«ã¯:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $line = <STDIN>; </pre> <p class="original">To just wait for the user to hit Enter:</p> <p>ユーザーãŒã‚¨ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã‚’押ã™ã¾ã§å¾…ã¤ã ã‘ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> <STDIN>; </pre> <p class="original">Calling <code><></code> with no filehandle reads data from <code>STDIN</code>, or from any files named in arguments when the Perl script was called.</p> @@ -1488,7 +1487,7 @@ <p class="original">The function <code>-e</code> is a built-in function which tests whether the named file exists.</p> <p>関数<code>-e</code> ã¯çµ„è¾¼ã®é–¢æ•°ã§ä¸Žãˆã‚‰ã‚ŒãŸåå‰ã®ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ãŒå˜åœ¨ã™ã‚‹ã‹ã©ã†ã‹ã‚’テストã—ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "what" unless -e "/usr/bin/perl"; </pre> <p class="original">The function <code>-d</code> is a built-in function which tests whether the named file is a directory.</p> @@ -1507,7 +1506,7 @@ <p class="original">Match operations are performed using <code>=~ m//</code>. In scalar context, <code>=~ m//</code> returns true on success, false on failure.</p> <p>マッãƒã¯ã€ãƒžãƒƒãƒæ¼”ç®—å<code>=~ m//</code>を使ã£ã¦ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚スカラコンテã‚ストã§ã¯ã€<code>=~ m//</code>ã¯ã€æˆåŠŸãªã‚‰çœŸã‚’è¿”ã—ã€å¤±æ•—ãªã‚‰å½ã‚’è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $string = "Hello world"; if($string =~ m/(\w+)\s+(\w+)/) { print "success"; @@ -1515,14 +1514,14 @@ </pre> <p class="original">Parentheses perform sub-matches. After a successful match operation is performed, the sub-matches get stuffed into the built-in variables <code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, <code>$3</code>, ...:</p> <p>括弧ã¯ã‚µãƒ–マッãƒã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚マッãƒãŒæˆåŠŸã—ãŸã‚‰ã€ã‚µãƒ–マッãƒã¯çµ„込変数ã®<code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, <code>$3</code>, ...ã«ãƒžãƒƒãƒã—ãŸã‚‚ã®ãŒå…¥ã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print $1; # "Hello" print $2; # "world" </pre> <p class="original">In list context, <code>=~ m//</code> returns <code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, ... as a list.</p> <p>リストコンテã‚ストã§ã¯ã€<code>=~ m//</code> ã¯<code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, ... をリストã¨ã—ã¦è¿”ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $string = "colourless green ideas sleep furiously"; my @matches = $string =~ m/(\w+)\s+((\w+)\s+(\w+))\s+(\w+)\s+(\w+)/; @@ -1532,7 +1531,7 @@ <p class="original">Substitution operations are performed using <code>=~ s///</code>.</p> <p>ç½®æ›æ“作ã¯<code>=~ s///</code>ã§è¡Œã„ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $string = "Good morning world"; $string =~ s/world/Vietnam/; print $string; # "Good morning Vietnam" @@ -1546,7 +1545,7 @@ <p class="original">In scalar context, each <code>=~ m//g</code> call finds another match after the previous one, returning true on success, false on failure. You can access <code>$1</code> and so on afterwards in the usual way. For example:</p> <p>スカラコンテã‚ストã§ã¯ã€ãã‚Œãžã‚Œã®<code>=~ m//g</code> 呼ã³å‡ºã—ã¯å‰ã®ã‚‚ã®ã®å¾Œã®ä»–ã®ãƒžãƒƒãƒã‚’探ã—ã€æˆåŠŸã™ã‚‹ã¨çœŸã‚’è¿”ã—ã€å¤±æ•—ã™ã‚‹ã¨å€¤ã‚’è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚よãã‚る方法ã§<code>$1</code>ãªã©ã«ã‚¢ã‚¯ã‚»ã‚¹å‡ºæ¥ã¾ã™ã€‚ 例:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $string = "a tonne of feathers or a tonne of bricks"; while($string =~ m/(\w+)/g) { print "'".$1."'\n"; @@ -1555,7 +1554,7 @@ <p class="original">In list context, an <code>=~ m//g</code> call returns all of the matches at once.</p> <p>リストコンテã‚ストã§ã¯ã€<code>=~ m//g</code>呼ã³å‡ºã—ã¯ã€ãƒžãƒƒãƒã—ãŸã‚‚ã®ã‚’一度ã«å…¨éƒ¨è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my @matches = $string =~ m/(\w+)/g; print join ", ", map { "'".$_."'" } @matches; </pre> @@ -1563,7 +1562,7 @@ <p class="original">An <code>=~ s///g</code> call performs a global search/replace and returns the number of matches. Here, we replace all vowels with the letter "r".</p> <p><code>=~ s///g</code>呼ã³å‡ºã—ã¯ã‚°ãƒãƒ¼ãƒãƒ«ãªæ¤œç´¢/ç½®æ›ã§ãƒžãƒƒãƒã—ãŸæ•°ã‚’è¿”ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã“ã§ã¯ã€ã™ã¹ã¦ã®æ¯éŸ³ã‚’æ–‡å—"r"ã«ç½®æ›ã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> # Try once without /g. $string =~ s/[aeiou]/r/; print $string; # "r tonne of feathers or a tonne of bricks" @@ -1581,7 +1580,7 @@ <p><code>/i</code> フラグã¯ãƒžãƒƒãƒã¨ç½®æ›ã‚’ケースインセンシティブã«ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> <p class="original">The <code>/x</code> flag allows your regular expression to contain whitespace (e.g., line breaks) and comments.</p> <p class="original"><code>/x</code>フラグã¯æ£è¦è¡¨ç¾ã®ä¸ã«ç©ºç™½(e.g. 改行)やコメントをå«ã‚ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãるよã†ã«ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> "Hello world" =~ m/ (\w+) # one or more word characters [ ] # single literal space, stored inside a character class @@ -1603,7 +1602,7 @@ <p class="original">A <i>module</i> is a <code>.pm</code> file that you can <i>include</i> in another Perl file (script or module). A module is a text file with exactly the same syntax as a <code>.pl</code> Perl script. An example module might be located at <code>C:\foo\bar\baz\Demo\StringUtils.pm</code> or <code>/foo/bar/baz/Demo/StringUtils.pm</code>, and read as follows:</p> <p>A <i>モジュール</i>ã¯ã€ä»–ã®Perlファイル(スクリプトã‹ãƒ¢ã‚¸ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒ«)ã«<i>å«ã‚ã‚‹</i>ã“ã¨ãŒå‡ºæ¥ã‚‹<code>.pm</code>ファイルã§ã™ã€‚モジュール㯠<code>.pl</code> Perlスクリプトã¨ã¾ã£ãŸãåŒã˜ã‚·ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒƒã‚¯ã®ã‚¹ãƒ†ã‚ストファイルã§ã™ã€‚例ã®ãƒ¢ã‚¸ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã¯ã€<code>C:\foo\bar\baz\Demo\StringUtils.pm</code> ã‹ <code>/foo/bar/baz/Demo/StringUtils.pm</code>ã«ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚続ãã‚’èªã‚“ã§ãã ã•ã„:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1633,7 +1632,7 @@ <p class="original">Once the Perl module is created and <code>perl</code> knows where to look for it, you can use the <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/require.html">require</a></code> built-in function to search for and execute it during a Perl script. For example, calling <code>require Demo::StringUtils</code> causes the Perl interpreter to search each directory listed in <code>PERL5LIB</code> in turn, looking for a file called <code>Demo/StringUtils.pm</code>. After the module has been executed, the subroutines that were defined there suddenly become available to the main script. Our example script might be called <code>main.pl</code> and read as follows:</p> <p>PerlモジュールãŒä½œã‚‰ã‚Œã¦ã€<code>perl</code>ãŒãã‚ŒãŒã©ã“ã«ã‚ã‚‹ã‹ã‚’知ã£ã¦ã„ã‚Œã°ã€çµ„è¾¼ã®<code>require</code>関数を使ã£ã¦æŽ¢ã—ã€Perlã®ã‚¹ã‚¯ãƒªãƒ—トä¸ã§å®Ÿè¡Œã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚例ãˆã°ã€<code>require Demo::StringUtils</code>を呼ã¶ã¨ã€Perlインタープリタã¯<code>PERL5LIB</code>ã«ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ãƒ‡ã‚£ãƒ¬ã‚¯ãƒˆãƒªã‚’é †ç•ªã«ã€ <code>Demo/StringUtils.pm</code>ã¨ã„ã†ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã‚’探ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚モジュールãŒãƒãƒ¼ãƒ‰ã•ã‚ŒãŸã‚‰ã€ãã“ã§å®šç¾©ã•ã‚ŒãŸã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã¯ã€çªç„¶ã«ãƒ¡ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚¹ã‚¯ãƒªãƒ—トã‹ã‚‰åˆ©ç”¨ã§ãるよã†ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ä¾‹ã®ã‚¹ã‚¯ãƒªãƒ—トを<code>main.pl</code>ã¨å‘¼ã³ã¾ã—ょã†ã€‚続ã‘ã¦èªã‚“ã§ãã•ã„:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1654,7 +1653,7 @@ <p class="original">A <i>package</i> is a namespace in which subroutines can be declared. Any subroutine you declare is implicitly declared within the current package. At the beginning of execution, you are in the <code>main</code> package, but you can switch package using the <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/package.html">package</a></code> built-in function:</p> <p><i>package</i>ã¯åå‰ç©ºé–“ã§ã€ãã®ä¸ã§ã€ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã‚’宣言ã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚宣言ã—ãŸã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã¯ã€æš—黙的ã«ã€ç¾åœ¨ã®ãƒ‘ッケージ内ã«å®£è¨€ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚実行ã®æœ€åˆã¯ã€<code>main</code>パッケージã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ãŒã€çµ„込関数ã®<code>package</code>を使ã£ã¦ã€ãƒ‘ッケージを切り替ãˆã‚‰ã‚Œã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1676,7 +1675,7 @@ <p class="original">Any time you call a subroutine, you implicitly call a subroutine which is inside the current package. Alternatively, you can explicitly provide a package. See what happens if we continue the above script:</p> <p>サブルーãƒãƒ³ã‚’呼んã ã¨ãã¯ã„ã¤ã§ã‚‚ã€æš—é»™ã«ç¾åœ¨ã®ãƒ‘ッケージ内ã®ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã‚’呼んã§ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚代ã‚ã‚Šã«ã€ãƒ‘ッケージを明示的ã«æ›¸ãã“ã¨ã‚‚ã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚下ã®ã‚¹ã‚¯ãƒªãƒ—トを実行ã—ãŸã‚‰ã€ä½•ãŒèµ·ãã‚‹ã§ã—ょã†ã‹:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> subroutine(); # "kingedward" main::subroutine(); # "universe" Food::Potatoes::subroutine(); # "kingedward" @@ -1685,7 +1684,7 @@ <p class="original">So the logical solution to the problem described above is to modify <code>C:\foo\bar\baz\Demo\StringUtils.pm</code> or <code>/foo/bar/baz/Demo/StringUtils.pm</code> to read:</p> <p>ã§ã™ã®ã§ã€ä¸Šã§è¿°ã¹ãŸå•é¡Œã®è«–ç†çš„ãªè§£æ±ºç–ã¯<code>C:\foo\bar\baz\Demo\StringUtils.pm</code>ã‹<code>/foo/bar/baz/Demo/StringUtils.pm</code>を変更ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1703,7 +1702,7 @@ <p class="original">And modify <code>main.pl</code> to read:</p> <p>ãã—ã¦ã€<code>main.pl</code>を変更ã—ã¾ã™</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1757,7 +1756,7 @@ <p class="original">A quick example makes this clearer. An example module <code>Animal.pm</code> containing a class <code>Animal</code> reads like this:</p> <p>以下ã€ç°¡å˜ãªä¾‹ã§ãれをã¯ã£ãã‚Šã•ã›ã¾ã™ã€‚ 例ã®ãƒ¢ã‚¸ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã¨ã—ã¦<code>Animal.pm</code>ã®ã‚¯ãƒ©ã‚¹<code>Animal</code>ã¯ã€æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1787,7 +1786,7 @@ <p class="original">And we might make use of this class like so:</p> <p>ã“ã®ã‚¯ãƒ©ã‚¹ã‚’使ã†æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ä½¿ã†ã§ã—ょã†:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> require Animal; my $animal = { @@ -1804,13 +1803,13 @@ <p class="original">You can still work with the original hash in the usual way:</p> <p>ã¾ã ã€é€šå¸¸ã®ã‚„ã‚Šæ–¹ã§ã‚ªãƒªã‚¸ãƒŠãƒ«ã®ãƒãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã‚’æ“作ã§ãã¾ã™</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print "Animal has ", $animal->{"legs"}, " leg(s)"; </pre> <p class="original">But you can now also call methods on the object using the same <code>-></code> operator, like so:</p> <p>ã§ã™ãŒã€åŒã˜<code>-></code>オペレータã§ã‚ªãƒ–ジェクトã‹ã‚‰ãƒ¡ã‚½ãƒƒãƒ‰ã‚’呼ã¶ã“ã¨ã‚‚ã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚次ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ã—ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> $animal->eat("insects", "curry", "eucalyptus"); </pre> <p class="original">This final call is equivalent to <code>Animal::eat($animal, "insects", "curry", "eucalyptus")</code>.</p> @@ -1821,7 +1820,7 @@ <p class="original">A constructor is a class method which returns a new object. If you want one, just declare one. You can use any name you like. For class methods, the first argument passed is not an object but a class name. In this case, <code>"Animal"</code>:</p> <p>コンストラクタã¯ã‚¯ãƒ©ã‚¹ãƒ¡ã‚½ãƒƒãƒ‰ã§ã€æ–°ã—ã„オブジェクトを返ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚コンストラクタãŒæ¬²ã—ã‘ã‚Œã°ã€ãれを宣言ã™ã‚‹ã ã‘ã§ã™ã€‚好ããªåå‰ã‚’使ãˆã¾ã™ã€‚クラスメソッドã«ã¯ã€æœ€åˆã®å¼•æ•°ã¨ã—ã¦ã€ã‚ªãƒ–ジェクトã§ã¯ãªãクラスåãŒæ¸¡ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ã‚±ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã§ã¯ã€<code>"Animal"</code>ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1837,7 +1836,7 @@ <p class="original">And then use it like so:</p> <p>次ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«ä½¿ã„ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> my $animal = Animal->new(); </pre> @@ -1847,7 +1846,7 @@ <p class="original">To create a class inheriting from a parent class, use <code>use parent</code>. Let's suppose we subclassed <code>Animal</code> with <code>Koala</code>, located at <code>Koala.pm</code>:</p> <p>ベースクラスã‹ã‚‰ç¶™æ‰¿ã—ã¦ã„るクラスを作るã«ã¯ã€<code>use parent</code>を使ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚<code>Animal</code>をサブクラス化ã—ã¦<code>Koala</code>ã§ã‚µãƒ–クラスを作るã¨ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚å ´æ‰€ã¯<code>Koala.pm</code>ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1869,7 +1868,7 @@ <p class="original">And some sample code:</p> <p>サンプルコード:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1889,7 +1888,7 @@ <p class="original">A <code><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/BEGIN.html">BEGIN</a></code> block is executed as soon as <code>perl</code> has finished parsing that block, even before it parses the rest of the file. It is ignored at execution time:</p> <p><code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/BEGIN">BEGIN</a></code>ブãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã¯<code>perl</code>ãŒãã®ãƒ–ãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã‚’パースã—終ãˆã‚‹ã¨ã™ãã«å®Ÿè¡Œã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚コンパイラãŒã¾ã å…¨ã¦ã‚’パースã—ã¦ã„ãªãã¦ã‚‚ã§ã™ã€‚BEGINブãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã¯å®Ÿè¡Œæ™‚ã«ã¯ç„¡è¦–ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1906,7 +1905,7 @@ <p class="original">A <code>BEGIN</code> block is executed as soon as the block has been parsed. Once this is done, <em>parsing</em> resumes at the end of the <code>BEGIN</code> block. Only once the whole script or module has been parsed is any of the code outside of <code>BEGIN</code> blocks executed.</p> <p><code>BEGIN</code>ブãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã¯ãã®ãƒ–ãƒãƒƒã‚¯ãŒè§£é‡ˆã•ã‚ŒãŸã¨åŒæ™‚ã«å®Ÿè¡Œã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚一度実行ã•ã‚Œã‚‹ã¨ã€<em>コードã®ãƒ‘ース</em>ã¯<code>BEGIN</code>ブãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã®çµ‚ã‚ã‚Šã§å†é–‹ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚一度スクリプト全体ã‹ãƒ¢ã‚¸ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒ«ãŒãƒ‘ースã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚Œã°ã€<code>BEGIN</code>ブãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã®å¤–å´ã®ã„ãšã‚Œã‹ãŒå®Ÿè¡Œã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ </p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -1922,7 +1921,7 @@ </pre> <p class="original">Because they are executed at compilation time, a <code>BEGIN</code> block placed inside a conditional block will <em>still</em> be executed first, even if the conditional evaluates to false and despite the fact that the conditional <em>has not been evaluated at all yet</em> and in fact <em>may never be evaluated</em>.</p> <p>コンパイル時ã«å®Ÿè¡Œã•ã‚Œã‚‹ã®ã§ã€<code>BEGIN</code>ブãƒãƒƒã‚¯ãŒæ¡ä»¶ãƒ–ãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã®ä¸ã«ã‚ã£ã¦ã‚‚ã€<em>ã¾ã </em>最åˆã«å®Ÿè¡Œã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ãŸã¨ãˆã€æ¡ä»¶ã®è©•ä¾¡ãŒå½ã§ã‚ã‚Šã€æ¡ä»¶ãŒ<em>ã¾ã ã¾ã£ãŸã評価ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ãªã„</em>ã«ã‚‚ã‹ã‹ã‚らãšã€å®Ÿéš›ã«ã¯ã€<em>評価ã•ã‚Œã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒãªã„</em>ã¨ã—ã¦ã‚‚ã§ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> if(0) { BEGIN { print "This will definitely get printed"; @@ -1933,7 +1932,7 @@ <p class="original"><strong>Do not put <code>BEGIN</code> blocks in conditionals!</strong> If you want to do something conditionally at compile time, you need to put the conditional <em>inside</em> the <code>BEGIN</code> block:</p> <p> <strong><code>BEGIN</code>ブãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã‚’æ¡ä»¶ã®ä¸ã«ç½®ã„ã¦ã¯è¡Œã‘ã¾ã›ã‚“!</strong> コンパイル時ã«ä½•ã‹ã—らã®æ¡ä»¶ä»˜ãã®ã“ã¨ãŒã—ãŸã‘ã‚Œã°ã€<code>BEGIN</code>ブãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã®<em>ä¸ã«</em>æ¡ä»¶æ–‡ã‚’ç½®ã‹ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ãªã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> BEGIN { if($condition) { # etc. @@ -1946,14 +1945,14 @@ <p>ã„ã„ã§ã—ょã†ã€‚ã‚‚ã†ã‚ã‹ã‚Šã«ãã„ã€ãƒ‘ッケージã€ãƒ¢ã‚¸ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã‚¯ãƒ©ã‚¹ãƒ¡ã‚½ãƒƒãƒ‰ã¨<code>BEGIN</code>ブãƒãƒƒã‚¯ã®æ„味をç†è§£ã—ãŸã®ã§ã€ã‚ˆã見ã‹ã‘ã‚‹<code><a href="http://perldoc.jp/func/use">use</a></code>関数ã«ã¤ã„ã¦èª¬æ˜Žã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚</p> <p class="original">The following three statements:</p> <p>以下ã®3ã¤ã®ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ¼ãƒˆãƒ¡ãƒ³ãƒˆã¯:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use Caterpillar ("crawl", "pupate"); use Caterpillar (); use Caterpillar; </pre> <p class="original">are respectively equivalent to:</p> <p>以下ã¨ãã‚Œãžã‚Œç‰ä¾¡ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> BEGIN { require Caterpillar; Caterpillar->import("crawl", "pupate"); @@ -1988,7 +1987,7 @@ <p class="original">This concept is easiest to grasp using an example. Here's what <code>Caterpillar.pm</code> looks like:</p> <p>ã“ã®ã‚³ãƒ³ã‚»ãƒ—トã¯ä¾‹ã‚’使ã†ã¨æŠŠæ¡ã—ã‚„ã™ã„ã§ã—ょã†ã€‚<code>Caterpillar.pm</code>ã¯æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªã‚‚ã®ã§ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -2011,7 +2010,7 @@ <p class="original">Another piece of code may then <code>import()</code> these subroutines by name, typically using a <code>use</code> statement:</p> <p>コードã®åˆ¥ã®éƒ¨åˆ†ãŒã€åå‰ã§ã“れらã®ã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã‚’<code>import()</code>ã™ã‚‹ã§ã—ょã†ã€‚典型的ã«ã€<code>use</code>ステートメントを使ã„ã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -2026,7 +2025,7 @@ <p class="original">Note: regardless of the content of <code>@EXPORT_OK</code>, every method can always be called "longhand":</p> <p>注æ„: <code>@EXPORT_OK</code>ã®å†…容ã¯ç„¡è¦–ã—ã¦ã€ã™ã¹ã¦ã®ãƒ¡ã‚½ãƒƒãƒ‰ã¯ã€å¸¸ã«"longhand"ã§å‘¼ã¶ã“ã¨ã‚‚ã§ãã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; use Caterpillar (); # no subroutines named, no import() call made @@ -2045,7 +2044,7 @@ <p class="original">The Exporter module also defines a package variable called <code>@EXPORT</code>, which can also be populated with a list of subroutine names.</p> <p>Exporter モジュール㯠<code>@EXPORT</code>ã¨å‘¼ã°ã‚Œã‚‹ãƒ‘ッケージ変数も定義ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã“ã«ã‚‚サブルーãƒãƒ³åã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã‚’入れã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; @@ -2066,7 +2065,7 @@ <p class="original">The subroutines named in <code>@EXPORT</code> are exported if <code>import()</code> is called with no arguments at all, which is what happens here:</p> <p><code>@EXPORT</code>ã«æ›¸ã‹ã‚ŒãŸã‚µãƒ–ルーãƒãƒ³ã¯ <code>import()</code>ãŒå¼•æ•°ãªã—ã§å‘¼ã°ã‚ŒãŸå ´åˆã«ã‚¨ã‚¯ã‚¹ãƒãƒ¼ãƒˆã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ä¾‹ã§èµ·ãã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒèµ·ãã¾ã™ã€‚</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use strict; use warnings; use Caterpillar; # calls import() with no arguments @@ -2098,7 +2097,7 @@ <li> <p class="original">There's an alternate syntax, <code>qw{ }</code>, for declaring arrays. This is often seen in <code>use</code> statements:</p> <p>é…列を宣言ã™ã‚‹ãŸã‚ã®ä»£ã‚ã‚Šã®ã‚·ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¹ã€<code>qw{ }</code>ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚<code>use</code>ステートメントã§ã‚ˆã見られã¾ã™:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> use Account qw{create open close suspend delete}; </pre> <p class="original">There are <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/perlop.html#Quote-and-Quote-like-Operators">many other quote-like operators</a>.</p> @@ -2123,7 +2122,7 @@ <li> <p class="original">Warning! Many built-in functions can be called with no arguments, <strong>causing them to operate on <code>$_</code> instead</strong>. Hopefully this will help you understand formations like:</p> <p>注æ„! 多ãã®çµ„込関数ã§ã¯ã€å¼•æ•°ãªã—ã§å‘¼ã¶ã¨<strong><code>$_</code>ãŒä»£ã‚ã‚Šã«æ¸¡ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™</strong>。願ã‚ãã°ã€æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªå½¢ã‚’ç†è§£ã™ã‚‹åŠ©ã‘ã«ãªã‚Œã°è‰¯ã„ã®ã§ã™ãŒ:</p> -<pre class="prittyprint lang-perl"> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl"> print foreach @array; </pre> <p class="original">and</p> @@ -2149,7 +2148,6 @@ var sc_remove_link=1; // --></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.statcounter.com/counter/counter_xhtml.js"></script> - <noscript> <p><img class="statcounter" @@ -2157,5 +2155,6 @@ alt="website statistics" /></p> </noscript> +<script src="https://google-code-prettify.googlecode.com/svn/loader/run_prettify.js?autoload=true&skin=sunburst"></script> </body> </html>
